Our tool for managing your permission to our use of cookies is temporarily offline. Therefore some functionality requiring you consent to use of cookies may be missing.
BMW M MODELS OVERVIEW.
BMW X6 M COMPETITION.
BMW X5 M COMPETITION.
BMW X4 M MODELS.
Raise your game with track-inspired performance, made possible with BMW M TwinPower Turbo engines, M-specific elements and the M xDrive intelligent all-wheel drive system.
BMW X3 M MODELS.
Get more from your adventures with high-performance BMW M TwinPower Turbo engines, M-specific elements and the M xDrive intelligent all-wheel drive system.
BMW 8 SERIES GRAN COUPÉ M MODELS.
BMW 8 SERIES CONVERTIBLE M MODELS.
The first-ever M8 Competition Convertible offers the very best of BMW luxury driving combined with stunning race-track performance.
BMW 8 SERIES COUPÉ M MODELS.
Forging together BMW’s vision of luxury with race-track performance, the first-ever BMW M8 Competition Coupé is the making of an icon.
BMW M5 SALOON.
Discover how iconic design is elevated by amazing levels of power and connectivity with the BMW M5 Competition.
BMW M4 COMPETITION CONVERTIBLE.
Take the joy of driving up a level with the BMW M4 Competition Convertible with M xDrive, which offers 510hp and 0-62mph in 3.7s.
BMW 4 SERIES COUPÉ M MODELS.
Discover performance and personality like never before with the BMW M4 Competition Coupé, which comes loaded with new M TwinPower Turbo tech and louder-than-life trims.
BMW M3 COMPETITION.
The BMW M3 Competition Saloon gives its reputation a healthy push thanks to new M TwinPower Turbo tech and stunning new design features.
BMW M2 CS COUPÉ.
With refreshed design elements and innovative M technologies, the BMW M240i xDrive is built to thrill.
BMW M135 xDrive
OVERVIEW OF THE BMW M SERIES’ HISTORY.
Passion for motor sport, exclusivity, and perfection – join us as we journey through almost 50 years of BMW M models. We’ll introduce you to vehicles from the legendary BMW M1 and M3 to the current BMW M8. Discover exceptional performance and the opportunity to personalise models with BMW Individual and BMW M performance parts.
OVERVIEW OF THE BMW M SERIES’ HISTORY.
Passion for motor sport, exclusivity, and perfection – join us as we journey through almost 50 years of BMW M models. We’ll introduce you to vehicles from the legendary BMW M1 and M3 to the current BMW M8. Discover exceptional performance and the opportunity to personalise models with BMW Individual and BMW M performance parts.
THE BMW M1 (E26).
With its timeless wedge shape, the first vehicle developed by the then BMW Motorsport GmbH in the late seventies received an enthusiastic welcome. Developed by design legend Giorgio Giugiaro, the shape is based on the BMW Turbo, a 1972 study by BMW’s longtime designer Paul Bracq. The narrow kidneys, the folding headlights and the clearly-drawn lines combine esthetics and dynamics. And the performance is also legendary: Until 1983 it was the fastest production vehicle in Germany. The mid-engine super sports car reaches a maximum speed of well over 160 mph, establishing the tradition of M road vehicles.
From 1979 to 1981 only 460 vehicles were made – all hand built. Anyone lucky enough to drive a BMW M1 talks of its exceptional driving style, flexible curve dynamics and fast-turning 3.5 litre engine.
Production: 1978 – 1981
Engines: 3.5 litres (204 kW, 277 hp)[1], 6-cylinder
Length/width/height: 4,359 mm / 1,824 mm / 1,138 mm
BMW 1 M COUPÉ (E82).
Even though the BMW 1 has been delighting drivers who appreciate sportiness and outstanding handling in a compact vehicle since 2004, the BMW 1 M Coupé was only introduced in 2011. Two turbochargers boost the inline 6-cylinder petrol engine to 340 hp (250 kW). Combined with the short wheelbase and the wider track than the regular BMW 1, this provides a driving experience with extraordinary dynamics. More than 6,300 vehicles were built up to 2012. Three years later the BMW M2 joins the series, continuing the concept of merging a compact vehicle with the best characteristics of a sports car.
Production: 2011 – 2012
Engines: 3.0 litres (250 kW, 277 hp)[1], 6-cylinder
Length/width/height: 4,380 mm / 1,803 mm / 1,420 mm
THE BMW M2 (F87, G87).
Since 2015 the BMW M2 has been the successor to the BMW 1 M Coupé, and has continued the dynamic, powerful compact series established by the BMW 2002 Turbo and the BMW M3 (E30).
The vehicle’s distinctive, confident exterior with its wide-flared wings and large inlets in the front apron are a testament to this. The 6-cylinder, turbo petrol engine has impressive torque and power, transferred to the road via an optional double-clutch transmission. The BMW M2 Competition, with an additional output of 40 hp (30 kW), took over in 2018 and is surpassed only by the BMW M2 CS (Club Sport). This has a production run of just 2,200 vehicles and an engine producing 450 hp (331 kW). In every version, the M chassis ensures clean, clear handling, precise control, and driving pleasure.
The second generation of the BMW M2 will appear in 2022, the 50th anniversary year of BMW M GmbH - and with its unmistakable M character it shows itself to be a homage to pure motorsport feeling. With a new expressive exterior in classic box design, compact proportions and an assertive stance, it promises pure driving pleasure with maximum handling control. Perfectly tuned chassis components from BMW M and a powerful BMW M TwinPower Turbo 6-cylinder petrol engine enable acceleration from 0-62 mph from 4.1 seconds and a top speed of 155 mph thanks to impressive power figures of 460 hp (338 kW).
Production of BMW M2: 2015 – today, M2 Competition: 2018 – 2020, M2 CS: 2020
Engines: 3.0 litres (338 kW, 460 hp)[1], 6-cylinder
Length/width/height: 4,580 mm / 1,887 mm / 1,403 mm
THE BMW M3 (E30/2S, E30/2SC, E36/2S, E36/2CS, E36/4S, E46/2S, E46/2CS, E90/92/93, F80, G80, G80 CS).
Originally, the BMW M3 (E30/2S, E30/2SC) was intended to be the road version of a racing vehicle. However, interest was so overwhelming that many more than the 5,000 vehicles needed for Group A approval were sold. Extreme dynamics are immediately evident on the exterior; from the wide fenders and iconic rear wings to the newly designed C-pillar. The interior also features everything that has proven its worth in racing: internally ventilated brake discs, sports transmission with lower left first gear, the 2.3 litre 4-cylinder petrol engine with 200 hp (143 kW).
While the racing version goes from win to win, the BMW M3 exceeds all sales expectations: More than 18,000 vehicles, including the convertible version, were sold. As well as the revised 220 hp (154 kW) Evolution version and the BMW M3 Sport Evolution with 2.5 litre displacement and 238 hp (166 kW).
1992 sees the second generation of the BMW M3 (E36) continuing the success story. The vehicle is clearly more grown-up. There are only minor visual changes compared to the regular model, such as the aerodynamically optimized M exterior mirrors. But there are radical changes under the hood: The inline 6-cylinder petrol engine with 286 hp (210 kW) and variable overhead camshafts (VANOS system) delivers breathtaking acceleration. From 1995 the model was updated to give not just 200 cm3 more displacement, but also 321 hp (236 kW).
At the turn of the millennium, the third version of the BMW M3 (E46) was launched, followed by the BMW M3 Convertible one year later. They continue the fundamental concept behind the BMW M3, combining as little weight as possible with as much driving dynamics as possible. The M genes are evident in the 343 hp (252 kW) driving experience. The exteriors of the Coupé and Convertible differ from the standard model with their wider camber, the grilles on the front fenders and the powerdome on the bonnet.
The BMW M3s built between 2007 and 2013 were fitted with a number of new features. Just like the regular models, three bodies were available: Saloon (E90), Coupé (E92), and Convertible (E93). For the first time, a BMW M3 had a V8 engine. The 4-liter engine delivers 309 kW (420 hp) and revs up to 8,300 rpm – the highest-revving production engine ever built by BMW! With the optional M Driver’s Package, the car reaches a maximum speed of 173 mph.
From 2014, the fifth generation of the BMW M3 (F80) once again relies on an inline 6-cylinder petrol engine which, for the first time in an BMW M3, is fitted with turbochargers. The engine delivers its maximum torque at 1,850 rpm, making fast acceleration possible, whatever the circumstances. The 432 hp (317 kW) BMW M3 Saloon is the only body design available – the related Coupé and Convertible are now called BMW M4. The fender extensions, the M exterior mirrors, and the dark M carbon roof also show to the outside world that this vehicle has exceptional handling and driving dynamics. 2016 sees the introduction of the BMW M3 Competition, featuring an engine that delivers 450 hp (331 kW) and uses the adaptive M chassis as standard.
In 2018, the BMW M3 CS is manufactured for just three months, adding an additional 10 hp to bring it to 460 hp (338 kW).
The BMW M3 (G80) has been available since 2021 with a radically different appearance from the standard saloon due to its large, high-standing kidney. It continues the concept of combining sportiness, dynamism, and everyday practicality of the previous BMW M3 - the BMW M3 Competition offers 510 hp (375 kW) and the 8-speed M Steptronic transmission with Drivelogic enables rapid gear changes for maximum driving dynamics, combined with the precisely-tuned M chassis.
Production: 1986 – today
Engines: 2.3 – 3.0 litres (143 – 405 kW, 200 – 550hp), 4-, 6- & 8-cylinder
Length/width/height: 4,795 – 4,794 mm / 1,680 – 1,918 mm / 1,370 – 1,444 mm
THE BMW M4 (F82, F83, G82, G83).
The BMW 4 Series replaces the 3 Series Coupé and represents a clear break. Obviously designed from scratch, this vehicle differs significantly from the BMW 3 series with its recessed passenger compartment, longer hood and shorter overhangs – all leading to a more expressive, more powerful appearance. This also applies to the BMW M4 Coupé and the M4 Coupé Competition (2016 – 2020) delivering 450 hp (331 kW), as well as the 2017 and 2018 M4 Coupé CS with 460 hp (338 kW). Meanwhile, the M4 is available as GTS Coupé (2017 – 2018), powered by 500 hp (368 kW). The M4 Convertible and the M4 Competition Convertible bring a breath of fresh air. All vehicles use a 3.0 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with a twin scroll turbocharger.
The considerably longer and wider second generation sets clear visual accents with the double kidney standing high and tilted forward. . In the BMW M4 with manual transmission the 3 litre 6-cylinder M TwinPower Turbo engine delivers 480 hp (353 kW). The BMW M4 Competition features a BMW 8-speed M Steptronic with Drivelogic and 510 hp (375 kW). With the optional M Driver’s Package, it reaches a top speed of 180 mph. Dynamism and agility are underscored by precise, uncompromising design.
Production: 2014 – today
Engines: 3.0 litres (317 – 375 kW, 431 – 510 hp)[1], 6-cylinder
Length/width/height: 4,671 – 4,794 mm / 1,870 – 1,887 mm / 1,383 – 1,395 mm
THE BMW M5 (E28S, E34S, E34/5S, E39S, E60, E61, F10, F90).
Visually, the first BMW M5 (E28S) in 1985 hardly differed from the standard saloon. But the hand-crafted vehicles featured an updated BMW M1 engine and can therefore reach a speed of over 155 mph. With more than 2,200 vehicles produced, the foundations for the top-of-the-line version of one of the most successful sports saloons were laid.
In 1988, the new BMW 5 series also included a new M5 (E34S). This initially delivered 315 hp (232 kW), but in 1992 the engines were re-engineered. Now they extract 340 hp (250 kW) from a 3.8 litre displacement and, in a limited edition of fewer than 900 units, the car is also available as an M5 Touring. Thanks to its flawless driving experience and high-precision steering, this M5 also copes with every situation confidently and competently.
From 1998 to 2003, the BMW M5 (E39S) conquers the highway with an 8-cylinder engine delivering a 5 litre displacement and 400 hp (294 kW). At this time, it is the perfect example of a sports saloon – ideal for everyday use yet, thanks to its performance and dynamism, a match for almost every sports car.
The successor model (E60) appears in showrooms in 2005, followed by the Touring version (E61) in 2007, which is also the last M5 in this body shape. Equipped with a 10-cylinder engine, its 507 hp accelerates the vehicle to 189 mph with the optional M Driver’s Package.
In 2011, BMW M GmbH equips the M5 (F10) with a twin turbo engine for the first time. The engine delivers 560 hp (412 kW) and, at the time, is the most powerful model in the BMW line-up. Two years later, the first M5 Competition model is available with a slight increase in performance to 575 hp (423 kW), and in 2014 the 8-cylinder “30 years of M5” Special Edition is re-engineered to produce 600 hp (441 kW). Placing maximum torque between 1,500 and 5,750 revolutions per minute is unusual – so acceleration capacity is there, whatever the circumstances.
The current BMW M5 (F90) has remained true to the product line since 2017 and combines the typical M sportiness with the comfort and elegance of the BMW 5 Saloon. The recognizable engine from the previous M5, the new M xDrive all-wheel drive, and an 8-speed M Steptronic transmission mean powerful acceleration and outstanding driving dynamics are typical features of this vehicle from BMW M GmbH. This is only surpassed in 2018 by the BMW M5 Competition, which delivers 25 hp more, taking 625 hp (460 kW) to the streets. Limited to just one year of production, the BMW M5 CS (Competition Sport) accelerates from 0 to 62 mph in 3.0 seconds with 635 hp (467 kW). Carbon parts reduce the weight of the extremely sporty saloon, which, can reach a top speed of up to 189 mph.
Production: 1985 – 1995, 1998 – 2003, 2005 – today
Engines: 3.5 – 5.0 litres (302 kW, 410 hp)[1], 6-, 8- and 10-cylinder
Length/width/height: 4,620 – 4,983 mm / 1,700 – 1,903 mm / 1,400 – 1,473 mm
THE BMW M6 (E63, E64, F06, F12, F13).
The M6’s predecessor, the BMW M635CSi, is already rolling off the production line in 1984. Equipped with the re-engineered BMW M1 engine, its 286 hp (210 kW) makes the coupé designed by Paul Bracq one of the fastest sports cars available at the time.
In 2005, with the end of the BMW 8 (E31), BMW once again launches a luxury-class coupé onto the market. Designed under Chris Bangle’s leadership, the vehicle has the typical M Coupé features: an exceptionally powerful 10-cylinder engine with 507 hp (373 kW), a characterful and confident design, and an adaptive chassis that not only guarantees comfort but also precision and driving dynamics. This is true for both fixed-roof and convertible versions of the car.
Its successor is introduced in 2012. The engine now has two fewer cylinders, but significantly more power. The twin-turbo V8 petrol engine delivers 560 hp (412 kW) or, as with the M6 Competition, 575 hp (423 kW). The Competition Coupé’s engine is re-engineered mid-2015 and puts 600 hp (441 kW) on the highway, thanks to its 7-speed dual-clutch transmission. With the optional M Driver’s Package, the BMW M6 reaches a top speed of 189 mph. This performance is reflected in the Coupé, the Convertible and, since 2013, the Gran Coupé.
Production: 2005 – 2018
Engines: 4.4 – 5.0 litres (373 – 441 kW, 507 – 600 hp)[1], 8- & 10-cylinder
Length/width/height: 4,871 – 4,898 mm / 1,855 – 1,899 mm / 1,372 – 1,377 mm
THE BMW M8 COMPETITION (F91, F92, F93).
The M8 Coupé could have been around for almost 30 years. At the beginning of the 1990s BMW engineers developed a BMW M8 prototype with a V12-cylinder engine based on the E31 Coupé.
But it took until 2019 for the first fully-badged BMW M8 Competition Coupé (F92), Convertible (F91) and Gran Coupé (F93) to appear in showrooms. With two parallel turbochargers, the 8-cylinder boasts a power output of 625 hp (460 kW) which, with the optional M Driver’s Package, enables speeds well above 186 mph.
Even when parked, it is obvious the BMW M8 is the perfect combination of sportiness and luxury. The radical lines are dynamic and yet extremely elegant. Details such as the black chrome radiator grille and the high-gloss black mirror caps highlight the car’s sporty character: This is underscored by the standard carbon roof. What’s more, the adaptive M chassis, which adjusts to current driving conditions and supports the BMW M xDrive, ensures unparalleled driving dynamics. Whether as a Coupé, a Convertible or a four-door Gran Coupé, these vehicles offers superlatives in every respect.
Production: 2019 – today
Engines: 4.4 litres (460 kW, 625 hp)[1], 8-cylinder
Length/width/height: 4,867 – 5,098 mm / 1,907 – 1,943 mm / 1,353 – 1,420 mm
THE BMW X3 M COMPETITION (F97).
An M version of the BMW X3 is first available in 2019. With its high-performance, extremely powerful 6-cylinder twin-turbo petrol engine, the vehicle accelerates from 0 to 62 mph in just 4 seconds and, after the redesign, in just 3.8 seconds. An all-wheel M xDrive with active M differential ensures that the full 510 hp (375 kW) can be released every time – a fascinating combination of X and M genes.
The BMW X3 M Competition also shows its power on the outside. The horizontal shoulder lines connect the self-assured front with the striking rear. The high-gloss black kidney and the M grille elements on the sides with their three-dimensional structures hint externally at the high-quality technology that awaits inside the vehicle: For example, the M sports seats offer exceptional lateral support, or the M interior trims in carbon. So the vehicle is always ready to be shown off over any terrain.
Production: 2019 – today
Engines: 3.0 litres (375 kW, 510 hp)[1], 6-cylinder
Length/width/height: 4,716 mm / 1,897 mm / 1,669 mm
THE BMW X4 M (F98).
The M model is launched with the second generation of the BMW X4 in 2019. The sporty elegance of the regular model is even more clearly and precisely presented: The exclusive design elements from the air intakes in the bumper to the mirror caps, emphasize the athletic character of the SAV/Coupé crossover. The vehicle shares the technical specifications and engines with the BMW X3 M: The X4 M Competition 510 hp (375 kW) and has, after the model redesign, an enormous torque of 650 Nm. Thanks to the optional M Driver’s Package, the vehicles achieve maximum speeds of up to 177 mph. The BMW X4 M Competition combines outstanding performance and exclusivity with an expressive temperament.
Production: 2019 – today
Engines: 3.0 litres (375 kW, 510 hp)[1], 6-cylinder
Length/width/height: 4,754 mm / 1,927 mm / 1,620 mm
THE BMW X5 M (E70, F85, F95).
The second generation of BMW's first sporty SAV is redesigned in 2009 by BMW M GmbH, thereby creating the first BMW X5 M (E70). Powered by two turbochargers, the 4.4 litre V8-cylinder petrol engine, one of the most frequently used M engines, produces 555 hp (408 kW). Together with the X6 M, this is the first time that a BMW has the all-wheel xDrive – as an M version, of course. The vehicle has a low-key appearance and the classic M driving dynamics.
This is carried on by the successor model (F85) and the 4.4 litre twin-turbo engine, which brings 575 hp thanks to the new 8-speed M transmission. Here, the improved aerodynamics of the third-generation BMW X5 does the rest, enhanced by typical M elements such as the air intakes.
The next generation of the BMW X5 M (F95) masterfully combines M and X genes in performance and driving dynamics with luxurious interiors and comfort. The twin turbo-charged 8-cylinder petrol engine delivers 625 hp (460 kW) with the BMW X5 M competition. With the optional M Driver’s Package, the SUV reaches a maximum speed of 180 mph.
Production: 2009 – 2013, 2015 – today
Engines: 4.4 litres (408 – 460 kW, 555 – 625 hp)[1], 8-cylinder
Length/width/height: 4,854 – 4,948 mm / 1,933 – 2,015 mm / 1,739 – 1,762 mm
THE BMW X6 M (E71, F86, F96).
In 2008, the BMW X6 (E71) attracts attention as BMW’s first Coupé/SUV crossover. A year later, the M model BMW X6 M appeals to people who want the best of both worlds: SUV and sports car; unrestrained dominance and extraordinary driving dynamics. The combination of M xDrive and the 4.4 litre M TwinTurbo 8-cylinder petrol engine (555 hp/408 kW) provides the SUV with unprecedented agility – whatever the terrain.
In 2015 the second generation X6 M (F86) is ready to go, with the familiar 4.4 litre twin-turbo engine from the M5 and X5 M, boasting 575 hp (423 kW). With the optional M Driver's Package, the vehicle combines a coupé-like profile with large air intakes and achieves 173 mph.
2019 sees a switch in model to the X6 M Competition (F96). This brings its formidable 625 hp (460 kW) power from the M xDrive with active M differential to the highway and combines the advantages of rear and all-wheel drives. Exclusive M highlights, such as the black front grille or the M gills with integrated M logo, emphasize the distinctive look even further. The BMW X6 M combines luxury with supremacy and extreme sportiness – an extraordinary combination.
Production: 2009 – today
Engines: 4.4 litres (408 – 460 kW, 555 – 625 hp)[1], 8-cylinder
Length/width/height: 4,876 – 4,948 mm / 1,983 – 2,019 mm / 1,684 – 1,695 mm
THE XM.
(G09)
Equipped with modern plug-in hybrid technology, the BMW XM brings a sporty 653 hp (480 kW) onto the road thanks to its newly developed V8 engine and with its 54 miles of purely electric range (WLTP) permits almost silent and emission-free driving.
Optically, too, the large and powerful proportions demonstrate its uncompromising individuality. With the new, unmistakable front design, the BMW M brand is further establishing itself within the luxury segment.
The winning combination of bringing BMW M and BMW X elements together with the uncompromising standard of luxury to produce something entirely new also continues systematically within the interior of the BMW XM. The front section displays a performance-orientation. And in typical BMW M style, the focus is clearly on the driver. The new screen grouping of the BMW Curved Display creates a bridge between traditional driver orientation and modern digital character.
The extremely driver-centred front section contrasts with a cosy and luxurious lounge atmosphere in the rear. This is where passengers encounter a haven with celebrity character and materials of supreme quality, inspired surfaces and expressive details. The roof with its three-dimensional prism structure presents an optical highlight in the rear. Together with the ambient light, this element impressively conveys the interplay of progressive luxury and comfort.
Production: from late 2022
Engines: 4.4-litre (360 kW, 489 hp) 8-cylinder combustion engine + electric motor (145 kW, 197 hp), system output 480 kW, 653 hp[1][2][3][4][5]
BMW i7 M70.
In 2022 BMW presented the new face of the luxury class with the BMW i7. Now, one year later, the BMW i7 M70 is where the e-mobility of the new luxury class meets powerful M high performance: thanks to its mighty 485 kW (660 hp), the strong motor accelerates the vehicle from 0-62 mph in only 3.7 seconds. Executive Drive Pro with Integral Active Steering and Adaptive 2-axle air suspension included as a standard feature provides an extra boost to the level of driving dynamics. At the same time, thanks to innovative BMW eDrive technology, you enjoy the benefits of practically silent and emission-free driving. Lightweight construction measures and aerodynamic design ensure maximum efficiency and a purely electric range of 488–560 miles (WLTP), enabling you to comfortably reach every destination on your daily schedule.
The exterior impressively translates the performance characteristics of the BMW i7 M70 to the outside. Together with the extended M high-gloss Shadow Line, the equipment features in black high-gloss set exclusive accents and, in combination with the aerodynamically optimised M rear spoiler and the black M Sport brakes, they also send out a signal of sporting prowess.
From the front, the distinctive kidney grille interplays with the IconicGlow illuminated kidney grille display to transmit a strong personality, and this truly eye-catching effect is not only restricted to the night. The unique selling point in terms of exclusivity and elegance is provided by the optionally available BMW Individual two-tone paint finishes.
The athleticism and elegance that the BMW i7 M70 shows on the exterior is equally matched by the luxury and utter comfort of the interior design. The interior fascinates with its high-quality materials such as cashmere wool and Swarovski crystals alongside innovative technologies such as the BMW Interaction Bar and the BMW Curved Display. In the rear, the 31.3'' BMW Theatre Screen sends the passengers on a visual journey fit for cineasts, which, when accompanied by the 4D audio of the optional Bowers & Wilkins Diamond Surround Sound System, sets acoustic benchmarks as well.
Production period: from 2023
Motors: 2 electric engines (660 hp, 485 kW)
length/breadth/height: 5391mm/1950 mm/1544 mm
Fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.
Figures shown are for comparability purposes; only compare fuel consumption and CO2 figures with other cars tested to the same technical procedures. These figures may not reflect real life driving results, which will depend upon a number of factors including the accessories fitted (post-registration), variations in weather, driving styles and vehicle load.
Fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.
Figures shown are for comparability purposes; only compare fuel consumption and CO2 figures with other cars tested to the same technical procedures. These figures may not reflect real life driving results, which will depend upon a number of factors including the accessories fitted (post-registration), variations in weather, driving styles and vehicle load.